Drought, Famine & Environmental Challenges in Rajasthan

Rajasthan is the most water-deficient state in India, facing constant challenges from drought and desertification.

1. Classification of Famine (Akal)

Based on the nature of deficiency, famines are classified as:

• Akal: Scarcity of food grains (Annakal).
• Jalkal: Scarcity of drinking water.
• Trinkal: Scarcity of fodder for livestock.
• Tri-akal: Simultaneous scarcity of food, water, and fodder. This is the most severe form.

2. Historical Famines

• Chhappanya Akal (1899-1900 AD): The most devastating famine in Rajasthan's history. It occurred in Vikram Samvat 1956 (hence the name Chhappanya).
• Great Famine (1868-69): Another severe famine that affected central and western Rajasthan.

3. Desertification (March of Desert)

• Rajasthan holds 61.11% of the Thar Desert.
• March of Desert: The gradual expansion of the desert towards the east (towards Haryana and Delhi).
• Main Reason: Climate change, deforestation, and overgrazing.
• Control Measures: Shelterbelts (tree plantation) and sand-dune stabilization.

4. Government Schemes & Programs

• Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP): Launched in 1974-75. Centrally sponsored (75:25 ratio).
• Desert Development Programme (DDP): Launched in 1977-78. Aimed at controlling desertification.
• Famine Relief Operations: Employment generation through public works (Road construction, canal digging).

5. Environmental Movements

• Khejarli Sacrifice (1730 AD): Led by Amrita Devi Bishnoi in Khejarli village (Jodhpur). 363 Bishnois sacrificed their lives to protect the Khejri trees from the axe of Maharaja Abhay Singh's men.
• Chipko Inspiration: The Khejarli movement is considered the precursor to the modern Chipko movement.

6. Soil Degradation Issues

• Salinity and Alkalinity (Reh/Usar): High salt content in soils of Ganganagar, Bikaner, and Jodhpur due to excessive canal irrigation.
• Sem Problem: Waterlogging issue in the command area of the Indira Gandhi Canal (IGNP), especially in Hanumangarh districts.