Performing Arts I: Folk Music & Instruments

1. Professional Singing Communities

Rajasthan's folk music is kept alive by hereditary communities with unique styles. • Manganiyars (Jaisalmer/Barmer): Muslim musicians patronized by Bhati Rajputs. Primary instrument: Kamaicha. Known for 'Khartal' (master: Siddiq Khan). • Langas (Barmer/Jodhpur): Patronized by Sindhi Sipahis. Primary instrument: Sindhi Sarangi. Famous for their refined Sufi melodies. • Gharanas: The Bikaner Gharana is famous for Maand Singing. Legend: Allah Jilai Bai (sang 'Kesariya Balam').

2. Classification of Folk Instruments

Tat Vadya (Stringed / Chordophones)

• Ravanhatta: Ancient instrument made of half-coconut; used by Bhopas of Pabuji. • Kamaicha: 17-string instrument carved from mango wood; soul of Manganiyar music. • Jantar: Played by Gurjar Bhopas during Devnarayanji's Phad; resembles a Veena. • Bhapang: Plucked instrument from Mewat; famous player: Umar Faruk Mewati.

Sushir Vadya (Wind / Aerophones)

• Algoza: The State Musical Instrument of Rajasthan; a pair of flutes played simultaneously. • Nad: A long vertical flute; famous player: Karna Bhil. • Pungi/Been: Used by Kalbeliyas; historically for snake charming. • Morchang: A small metal instrument (Jew's Harp) played by mouth.

Avanadh Vadya (Percussion / Membranophones)

• Nagara: Played with sticks; associated with Pushkar's Ramkishan Solanki (Nagara King). • Chang: Large tambourine used during Holi in Shekhawati.

Ghan Vadya (Solid / Idiophones)

• Khartal: Wooden clappers; Siddiq Khan Manganiyar was a legendary player. • Manjira: Used in 13-Tali dance; metallic cymbals.