Meaning of Learning and Its Processes

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or performance that occurs as a result of experience and practice. It is not merely memorisation, but involves understanding, applying and transferring knowledge.

• Continuous & Lifelong: Learning does not stop at school; it continues throughout life. • Change in Behaviour: Observable changes in performance, thinking, or attitudes. • Experience-Driven: Occurs through practice, observation, reflection, and feedback. • Goal-Directed: Learners have a purpose or intention guiding the learning process. • Individual Differences: Pace, style, and strategies vary among learners.

• Imitation & Observation: Children copy behaviours and models (parents, teachers) they see. • Activity-Based (Learning by Doing): Hands-on experiences, experiments, and projects foster deeper understanding. • Language & Interaction: Dialogue with peers and adults 'scaffolds' meaning (Vygotsky's influence). • Reflection & Questioning: Thinking about what they have done and asking "why" to explore alternatives.

• Learner-Related: Motivation, interest, attention, prior knowledge, and health. • Teacher-Related: Subject mastery, teaching style, and positive expectations. • Environmental: Physical facilities, school climate, and emotional safety. • Socio-Cultural: Family background, language, and cultural values.

Motivation is the force that directs behaviour towards a goal. • Intrinsic Motivation: Internal interest, curiosity, and enjoyment of the task itself. • Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by external rewards like grades, praise, or prizes. • Role of Teacher: Nurture intrinsic motivation by providing autonomy and meaningful tasks.

• Readiness: Match task difficulty to the learner’s developmental level. • Feedback: Provide timely, specific feedback to reinforce correct responses. • Active Environment: Create a supportive space that values effort and growth.