In which year did Marathas first interfere in the internal politics of Rajasthan in Bundi?

Answer: 1734. The Bundi succession dispute in 1734 saw the first Maratha intervention in Rajasthan.

Who presided over the Hurda Conference held on 17 July 1734?

Answer: Maharana Jagat Singh II. The conference at Hurda (now in **Shahpura** district) was presided over by the Maharana of Mewar.

What was the primary motive of the Maratha incursions into Rajasthan in the 18th century?

Answer: Financial extortion (Chauth). Marathas primarily aimed at collecting Chauth (1/4th revenue) and Sardeshmukhi taxes.

In which battle did Sawai Pratap Singh of Jaipur defeat the Maratha general Mahadji Scindia?

Answer: Battle of Tunga. The Battle of Tunga (1787) was a significant victory for the Rajput alliance over the Marathas.

Which Jaipur ruler committed suicide due to Maratha financial pressure in 1750?

Answer: Ishwari Singh. Maharaja Ishwari Singh jumped from Isar Lat due to inability to pay Maratha demands.

The tragic Krishna Kumari dispute (1807) involved the princess of which house?

Answer: Mewar. Krishna Kumari was the daughter of Maharana Bhim Singh of Mewar/Udaipur.

Who was the first Rajpoot ruler to sign the subsidiary alliance with the British in 1817?

Answer: Harbaksh Pal Singh (Karauli). Karauli was the first state to sign the treaty in November 1817.

Which British officer was the architect of the treaties with the Rajput states (1817-1823)?

Answer: Charles Metcalfe. Charles Metcalfe negotiated and signed the treaties on behalf of the EIC.

Which state of Rajasthan was the last to sign the treaty with the British in 1823?

Answer: Sirohi. Sirohi signed the treaty in September 1823 due to a sovereignty dispute with Jodhpur.

The Muslim state of Tonk was established in 1817 for which Pindari leader?

Answer: Amir Khan Pindari. Amir Khan was recognized as the Nawab of Tonk as part of the British peace policy.

What was the proportion of state revenue collected as 'Chauth' by the Marathas?

Answer: 1/4th. Chauth refers to one-fourth (25%) of the revenue collection.

The battle between Jaipur (Jagat Singh) and Jodhpur (Man Singh) over Krishna Kumari is known as:

Answer: Battle of Gingoli. The Battle of Gingoli (1807) took place in Nagaur over the marriage dispute.

Which administrator of Kota negotiated the first 'detailed' treaty with the British?

Answer: Zalim Singh Jhala. Zalim Singh was the powerful regent who secured Kota's interests with a detailed treaty.

The 'Hurda Conference' failed primarily due to:

Answer: Internal rivalry and mistrust among Rajputs. Despite the agreement, Rajput rulers failed to mobilize together due to mutual suspicion.

Who was the Governor-General of India at the time of signing treaties with the Rajput states in 1818?

Answer: Lord Hastings. Lord Hastings initiated the policy of Subsidiary Alliances to bring states under British control.

The 'Sarga Suli' (Isar Lat) in Jaipur was built by which ruler to commemorate his victory?

Answer: Ishwari Singh. Ishwari Singh built it after his victory in the Battle of Rajmahal (1747).

In which battle did Marathas (De Boigne) crush the combined forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur in 1790?

Answer: Battle of Patan. The Battle of Patan saw the Marathas re-establish dominance after their previous defeat at Tunga.

Which state's help to British in 1857 led to an increase in its gun salute and territorial reward?

Answer: Karauli. Karauli's Madan Pal was rewarded for helping the British during the revolt in Kota.

Why was the treaty with Sirohi (1823) delayed for 5 years after others?

Answer: Jodhpur's claim of suzerainty over Sirohi. The British waited until Jodhpur's claim was formally rejected.

Who was the Queen of Bundi who invited the Marathas to intervene against Dalel Singh?

Answer: Amar Kunwari. Queen Amar Kunwari (sister of Sawai Jai Singh) invited the Marathas to protect her son Budh Singh's rights.

Which city in Rajasthan became the only Muslim princely state under British protection?

Answer: Tonk. Tonk was created as a separate state for Amir Khan Pindari in 1817.

The additional 10% tax collected by Marathas besides Chauth was called:

Answer: Sardeshmukhi. Sardeshmukhi was a claim of the Peshwa as the head of the Maratha confederacy.

Which national event triggered the Rajput states to finally turn away from Marathas and seek British protection?

Answer: Third Anglo-Maratha War. The defeat of Marathas in the 3rd Anglo-Maratha war established British supreme power.

What was the mandatory annual payment promised by Rajput states to the British in the 1818 treaties?

Answer: Khiraj (Tribute). Khiraj was the tribute paid to the British in exchange for protection.

In which modern district is 'Hurda', the site of the famous 1734 conference, located?

Answer: Bhilwara. Hurda is located in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan.

Who was the ruler of Mewar when the subsidiary alliance was signed in 1818?

Answer: Maharana Bhim Singh. Maharana Bhim Singh oversaw the transition of Mewar under British protection.

Which general was famously killed and his head was hung on the gates of the Auwa fort in 1857?

Answer: Mock Mason. Political Agent Mock Mason was killed by the rebels of Auwa.

The 'Krishna Kumari dispute' effectively came to an end with:

Answer: Her tragic poisoning. To stop the devastating war, Krishna Kumari was poisoned in 1810.

Who was known as the 'Plato of Jats'?

Answer: Maharaja Suraj Mal. Suraj Mal was a contemporary of the Maratha-Rajput conflicts and built Bharatpur state.

Which treaty finally brought Rajasthan under British 'Paramountcy'?

Answer: Subsidiary Alliance of 1817-18. The Series of treaties signed with Metcalfe completed the process of subordination.

The 'Hurda Conference' failed primarily due to:

Internal rivalry and mistrust among Rajputs

Why was the treaty with Sirohi (1823) delayed for 5 years after others?

Jodhpur's claim of suzerainty over Sirohi

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The Transition Era: Maratha Incursions & British Treaties

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The Scramble for Rajasthan: Maratha Shadows & British Treaties

The 18th century was a twilight era for the Rajputana. As the Mughal sun set, the predatory winds of the Maratha 'Chauth' swept through the desert, fueled by internal succession feuds. This political vacuum created a desperate scramble for survival, eventually forcing the proud Rajput states to trade their sovereignty for the protection of British treaties.

The Maratha incursions were often invited by rival Rajput factions themselves, particularly during succession disputes in Bundi and Jaipur, which permanently altered the region's geopolitical landscape.

1. Maratha Entry & Hurda Conference

Event	Date	Details
First Entry	1734	Entered Bundi due to succession dispute.
Hurda Conference	17 July 1734	Held at Hurda (now in Shahpura district) to unite Rajputs against Marathas.
Maratha Taxes	---	Chauth (1/4 revenue) and Sardeshmukhi (1/10).

2. Key Battles

Battle	Date	Result
Rajmahal	1747	Ishwari Singh (Jaipur) victory.
Tunga	1787	Jaipur-Jodhpur defeat Mahadji Scindia.
Patan	1790	Maratha victory over combined Rajput forces.
Gingoli	1807	Conflict over Krishna Kumari (Mewar).

3. British Treaties (1817-1823)

State	Year	Significance
Karauli	1817	First to sign Subsidiary Alliance.
Kota	1817	First comprehensive/detailed treaty.
Sirohi	1823	Last to sign the treaty.

[!WARNING]
The Pindari leader Amir Khan Pindari was made the Nawab of Tonk (1817) (now split into Tonk and Malpura districts) as part of a peace deal.

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The Transition Era: Maratha Incursions & British Treaties

Expert Answer & Key Takeaways

The Scramble for Rajasthan: Maratha Shadows & British Treaties

1. Maratha Entry & Hurda Conference

2. Key Battles

3. British Treaties (1817-1823)

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