Statement I: It rained heavily throughout the night.Statement II: The streets are flooded this morning.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. Heavy rain (Cause) directly leads to flooding (Effect). Thus, I is the cause and II is its effect.

Statement I: Ravi studied dedicatedly for 10 hours daily.Statement II: Ravi topped the state-level examination.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. Hard work (Cause) resulted in topping the exam (Effect).

Statement I: The price of petrol has increased significantly.Statement II: The taxi fares in the city have gone up.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. Increase in fuel price (Cause) leads to an increase in transportation costs (Effect).

Statement I: The government has reduced the interest rates on home loans.Statement II: Large numbers of people are buying new flats this month.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. Cheaper loans (Cause) encourage people to make high-value purchases like homes (Effect).

Statement I: The school remained closed for the third consecutive day.Statement II: Heavy snowfall continues to paralyze the daily life in the mountains.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Heavy snowfall (Cause) led to the school being closed (Effect).

Statement I: People avoid eating street food during the rainy season.Statement II: Cases of water-borne diseases increase during the monsoon.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. The increase in diseases (Cause) leads to people taking precautions like avoiding street food (Effect). Wait, actually, both are effects of the rainy season (Monsoon). But Statement II is a direct threat that makes people do I. Let's re-analyze. Usually, Monsson is the common cause.

Statement I: The factory workers went on an indefinite strike.Statement II: The management refused to increase the annual bonus.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Refusal of bonus (Cause) provoked the workers to strike (Effect).

Statement I: Farmers are moving to cities in large numbers.Statement II: Successive crop failures have happened due to drought.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Crop failure (Cause) forces farmers to migrate for a livelihood (Effect).

Statement I: There is a sudden rise in the cases of eye-strain among youngsters.Statement II: Screen time of children has increased dramatically recently.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Increased screen time (Cause) leads to eye-strain (Effect).

Statement I: The vegetable prices in the local market have dropped sharply.Statement II: There was a bumper harvest this season due to a good monsoon.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Bumper harvest (Cause) leads to an excess supply and lower prices (Effect).

Statement I: The state government has declared a high alert in the coastal districts.Statement II: A severe cyclonic storm is expected to hit the coast within 24 hours.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. The threat of a cyclone (Cause) led to the government's action of declaring an alert (Effect).

Statement I: Many respiratory disease cases have been reported in the city recently.Statement II: The air quality index in the city has dropped to 'Hazardous' levels.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Pollution (Cause) results in health issues like respiratory diseases (Effect).

Statement I: The company announced its highest-ever quarterly profits.Statement II: The stock price of the company rose by 15% in a single day.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. Good financial results (Cause) lead to increased investor confidence and stock price (Effect).

Statement I: The local municipal body increased the property tax by 10%.Statement II: The residents staged a protest outside the municipality office.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. Tax hike (Cause) provoked the residents to protest (Effect).

Statement I: Many students failed in the final mathematics exam.Statement II: The math paper was exceptionally difficult this year.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. The difficulty of the paper (Cause) resulted in students' failure (Effect).

Statement I: Use of electric vehicles has seen a 200% growth in the country.Statement II: Global oil prices have reached a record high.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Expensive oil (Cause) shifts consumer preference towards alternative energy like EVs (Effect).

Statement I: Crime rates against the elderly have decreased in the city.Statement II: The city police started a special safety awareness drive for senior citizens.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. The safety drive (Cause) educated people and improved safety, lowering crime rates (Effect).

Statement I: The government decided to ban single-use plastic across the state.Statement II: Environmental pollution caused by plastic waste reaches alarming levels.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Rising pollution (Cause) forced the government to take a policy decision like banning plastic (Effect).

Statement I: Many IT companies have reduced their workspace in the city.Statement II: Most tech employees prefer working from home permanently now.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Employee preference for remote work (Cause) results in companies needing less physical office space (Effect).

Statement I: All public parks in the city have been renovated recently.Statement II: The municipal budget allocation for urban greenery was increased significantly last year.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Budget increase (Cause) provided the funds for the renovation work (Effect).

Statement I: The central bank has reduced the benchmark interest rates by 50 basis points.Statement II: The inflation rate in the country remains significantly higher than the target range.

Answer: Both are independent causes. Reducing interest rates is usually done to boost growth (independent cause), while high inflation is a separate economic problem (independent cause). They are not directly cause-effect and usually central banks hike rates to fight high inflation, so I and II are contrary in logic here.

Statement I: Many small-scale industries in the region have shut down recently.Statement II: The power tariff for industrial consumers was doubled last year.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. The massive increase in input costs (electricity) is a potential cause for the unviability and subsequent closure of small industries (effect).

Statement I: The number of footfalls in the city's luxury malls has declined significantly.Statement II: A large number of premium e-commerce platforms have launched heavy discount sales recently.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Compelling online discounts (Cause) often divert premium customers away from physical retail spaces like luxury malls (Effect).

Statement I: There has been a significant increase in the number of people migrating from rural to urban areas.Statement II: Successive crop failures have severely affected the income of the farming community.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. The loss of income in rural areas (Cause) forces people to move to cities in search of better livelihood opportunities (Effect).

Statement I: The university has increased the tuition fees for its postgraduate courses by 40%.Statement II: There was a massive protest by students in the university campus demanding a rollback in fee hike.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. The significant hike in fees (Cause) directly led to the student protests (Effect).

Statement I: The number of tourists visiting the hill station has decreased by half this season.Statement II: Several landslide incidents were reported on the main highway leading to the hill station during the monsoon.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Reports of danger and blocked routes due to landslides (Cause) acted as a deterrent for potential tourists (Effect).

Statement I: There has been a significant rise in the number of daily cyber-attack attempts on the national grid.Statement II: The government has substantially increased the budget for its cyber-security task force.

Answer: I is cause, II is effect. The increasing threat level (Cause) necessitated the increase in defensive resources and budget (Effect).

Statement I: Use of public transport has seen a sharp decline in the last two years.Statement II: The sales of four-wheelers and two-wheelers have reached an all-time high in the same period.

Answer: Both are effects of some common cause. The shift away from public transport and towards private vehicle ownership are both likely effects of a common cause, such as a pandemic-related concern for private hygiene or improved disposable incomes/easy financing.

Statement I: The literacy rate in the state has improved by 15% in the last decade.Statement II: The female literacy rate in the state has shown a remarkable improvement during the same period.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Improvement in female literacy (Cause) is a significant component that leads to the overall improvement in the state's literacy rate (Effect).

Statement I: The price of gold has touched a new historical high in the global market.Statement II: Investors are moving their capital from the stock market to safer assets due to global geopolitical tensions.

Answer: II is cause, I is effect. Investors seeking 'safe havens' like gold (Cause) due to market uncertainty results in higher demand and thus higher prices for gold (Effect).

Statement I: Ravi studied dedicatedly for 10 hours daily.Statement II: Ravi topped the state-level examination.

Both are effects of common cause

Statement I: Many respiratory disease cases have been reported in the city recently.Statement II: The air quality index in the city has dropped to 'Hazardous' levels.

Both are effects of some common cause

Statement I: Many IT companies have reduced their workspace in the city.Statement II: Most tech employees prefer working from home permanently now.

Both are effects of common cause

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Cause & Effect

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Expert Answer & Key Takeaways

Mastering Cause & Effect is essential for high-fidelity technical architecture and senior engineering roles in 2026.

Introduction

Cause and Effect tests your ability to determine the logical relationship between two given statements. An event (Cause) leads to another event (Effect). Your goal is to identify which statement is the reason and which is the result.
Key Rule: Cause must precede the Effect in logical timing.

Types of Logical Links

Direct Cause & Effect: Statement A directly leads to Statement B.
2. Common Cause: Both statements are effects of a single hidden event.
3. Independent Causes: Both statements are reasons for different, unrelated events.
4. Independent Effects: Both statements are results of different, unrelated events.

Standard Options Analysis

In most exams, the options are defined as:
(A) I is cause, II is effect.
(B) II is cause, I is effect.
(C) Both are independent causes.
(D) Both are effects of independent causes.
(E) Both are effects of a common cause.

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Cause & Effect

Expert Answer & Key Takeaways

Introduction

Types of Logical Links

Standard Options Analysis

Course4All Reasoning Panel

Explore More Reasoning Ability

Mirror & Water Images

Paper Folding & Cutting

Figure Series

Figure Classification (Odd One Out)

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